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| 1075 |
| | | Pope Gregory VII decrees that only the church may make ecclesiastical appointments, thus initiating the investiture controversy between pope and emperor | |
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| 1077 |
| | | The emperor Henry IV stands as a penitent outside the pope's castle at Canossa, so as to be released from excommunication. | |
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| 1082 |
| | | Venice acquires valuable trading privileges from Constantinople, her merchants being excused all dues and customs in the Byzantine empire | |
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| 1091 |
| | | Roger I, the first Norman count of Sicily, completes the conquest of the island from the Muslims | |
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| c. 1100 |
| | | Many of the towns of northern Italy acquire virtual independence as self-governing communes | |
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| 1132 |
| | | Work begins on the exquisite palace chapel in Palermo, built for the Norman kings of Sicily | |
|  | Capella Palatina, Christ Pantocrator
Fotofile CG
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| 1139 |
| | | Pope Innocent III and the second Lateran council outlaw the crossbow as a weapon causing unacceptable devastation | |
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| 1144 |
| | | The fall of Edessa prompts the pope, Eugenius III, to call for a second crusade to defend the Latin kingdom | |
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| c. 1150 |
| | | The Medici move into Florence from their country home in the Mugello valley | |
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| 1197 |
| | | The three-year old Frederick II has a claim to the thrones of both Sicily and Germany on the death of his father, the emperor Henry VI | |
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